وَلَا تَقْتُلُوا النَّفْسَ الَّتِي حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ إِلَّا بِالْحَقِّ ۗ وَمَنْ قُتِلَ مَظْلُومًا فَقَدْ جَعَلْنَا لِوَلِيِّهِ سُلْطَانًا فَلَا يُسْرِفْ فِي الْقَتْلِ ۖ إِنَّهُ كَانَ مَنْصُورًا
And do not kill the soul which Allah has forbidden, except by right. And whoever is killed unjustly - We have given his heir authority, but let him not exceed limits in [the matter of] taking life. Indeed, he has been supported [by the law].
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وَلاَ تَقْتُلُواْ النَّفْسَ الَّتِى حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ إِلاَّ بِالحَقِّ وَمَن قُتِلَ مَظْلُومًا فَقَدْ جَعَلْنَا لِوَلِيِّهِ سُلْطَـناً فَلاَ يُسْرِف فِّى الْقَتْلِ إِنَّهُ كَانَ مَنْصُورًا
(33. And do not kill anyone whose killing Allah has forbidden, except for a just cause. And whoever is killed wrongfully (not by mistake), We have given his heir the authority. But let him not exceed limits in the matter of taking life. Verily, he is helped.)
It was reported in the Two Sahihs that the Messenger of Allah said:
«لَا يَحِلُّ دَمُ امْرِىءٍ مُسْلِمٍ يَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللهُ وَأَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ اللهِ، إِلَّا بِإِحْدَى ثَلَاثٍ: النَّفْسُ بِالنَّفْسِ، وَالزَّانِي الْمُحْصَنُ، وَالتَّارِكُ لِدِينِهِ الْمُفَارِقُ لِلْجَمَاعَة»
(The blood of a Muslim who bears witness to La ilaha illallah and that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, is not permissible (to be shed) except in three cases: a soul for a soul (i.e., in the case of murder), an adulterer who is married, and a person who leaves his religion and deserts the Jama'ah.) The following is recorded in the books of the Sunan:
«لَزَوَالُ الدُّنْيَا عِنْدَ اللهِ أَهْوَنُ مِنْ قَتْلِ مُسْلِم»
(If the world were to be destroyed, it would be of less importance to Allah than the killing of a Muslim.)
وَمَن قُتِلَ مَظْلُومًا فَقَدْ جَعَلْنَا لِوَلِيِّهِ سُلْطَـناً
(And whoever is killed wrongfully, We have given his heir the authority.) The authority is over the killer. The heir has the choice; if he wishes, he may have him killed in retaliation, or he may forgive him in return for the payment of the Diyah (blood money), or he may forgive him with no payment, as is reported in the Sunnah. The great scholar and Imam Ibn `Abbas understood from the general meaning of this Ayah that Mu`awiyah should take power, because he was the heir of `Uthman, who had been killed wrongfully, may Allah be pleased with him, and Mu`awiyah did event- ually take power, as Ibn `Abbas said on the basis of this Ayah. This is one of the stranger of matters.
فَلاَ يُسْرِف فِّى الْقَتْلِ
(But let him not exceed limits in the matter of taking life.) They said: this means the heir should not go to extremes in killing the killer, such as mutilating the body or taking revenge on persons other than the killer.
إِنَّهُ كَانَ مَنْصُورًا
(Verily, he is helped.) means, the heir is helped against the killer by the Shari`ah and by divine decree.
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Mencakup anak kecil, orang dewasa, laki-laki dan wanita, orang merdeka dan budak, orang muslim dan orang kafir yang mengikat perjanjian.
Maksudnya yang dibenarkan oleh syara' seperti qishash, membunuh orang murtad, rajam kepada pezina yang sudah menikah, dan pemberontak ketika melakukan pemberontakan yang tidak ada cara untuk menghentikannya kecuali harus dibunuh.
Yakni dengan tanpa alasan yang benar.
Maksud kekuasaan di sini adalah hak ahli waris yang terbunuh atau penguasa untuk menuntut qisas atau menerima diat. Lihat Al Baqarah: 178 dan An Nisaaâ: 92. Adapula yang menafsirkan âkekuasaanâ di sini dengan hujjah yang jelas untuk mengqishas pembunuh, dan Allah memberikan juga kepadanya kekuasaan secara taqdir. Ayat ini menunjukkan bahwa hak membunuh (qisas) diserahkan kepada wali, oleh karenanya pembunuh tidaklah diqishas kecuali dengan izinnya, dan jika dia memaafkan, maka gugurlah qishas. Dan qishas dilakukan ketika syarat-syaratnya terpenuhi, seperti membunuh dengan sengaja, sekufuâ (sederajat), dsb.
Yakni âashabah dan ahli waris yang paling dekat kepadanya.
Seperti membunuh yang bukan pembunuh, membunuh menggunakan alat yang berbeda dengan alat yang dipakai si pembunuh, dan membunuh ditambah dengan mencincang.
