إِنَّا فَتَحْنَا لَكَ فَتْحًا مُبِينًا
Indeed, We have given you, [O Muhammad], a clear conquest
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(Lo! We have given thee (O Muhammad) a signal victory) [48:1]. Mansur ibn Abi Mansur al-Samani informedus> ‘Abd Allah ibn Muhammad al-Fami> Muhammad ibn Ishaq al-Thaqafi> Abu’l-Ash‘ath> al-Mu'tamir ibnSulayman> his father> Qatadah> Anas who said: “We were sad and depressed when we returned from al-Hudaybiyyah because of being prevented from performing the pilgrimage. Allah, glorious and majestic is He,then revealed (Lo! We have given thee (O Muhammad) a signal victory), upon which the Messenger of Allah,Allah bless him and give him peace, said: ‘A verse has been revealed to me and it is more beloved to methan the world and all that is in it’ ”. ‘Ata’ also reported that Ibn ‘Abbas said: “When the words of Allah,exalted is He, (…nor know I what will be done with me or with you…) [46:9] were revealed, the Jewsinsulted the Prophet, Allah bless him and give him peace, and the Muslims, saying: ‘How will we follow aman who says that he does not know what will be done with him?’ The Prophet, Allah bless him and givehim peace, was aggrieved by what they said, and Allah, glorious and majestic is He, revealed (Lo! We havegiven thee (O Muhammad) a signal victory that Allah may forgive thee of thy sin that which is past and thatwhich is to come…) [48:1-2]”.
إِنَّا فَتَحْنَا لَكَ فَتْحاً مُّبِيناً - لِّيَغْفِرَ لَكَ اللَّهُ مَا تَقَدَّمَ مِن ذَنبِكَ وَمَا تَأَخَّرَ وَيُتِمَّ نِعْمَتَهُ عَلَيْكَ وَيَهْدِيَكَ صِرَطاً مُّسْتَقِيماً - وَيَنصُرَكَ اللَّهُ نَصْراً عَزِيزاً
(1. Verily, We have given you a manifest victory.)
(2. That Allah may forgive you your sins of the past and the future, and complete His favor on you, and guide you on the straight path,)
(3. And that Allah may help you with strong help.)
This honorable Surah was revealed after the Messenger of Allah returned from the area of Al-Hudaybiyyah, during the month of Dhul-Qa`dah, in the sixth year of Hijrah. This is when the idolators prevented him from reaching Al-Masjid Al-Haram to perform the `Umrah he intended. They stopped the Prophet from reaching Makkah at that time, but then were prone to peace negotiations. A peace treaty was conducted stipulating that the Messenger would return this year and then come back for `Umrah the following year. The Messenger agreed. However, some of the Companions disliked these terms, including `Umar bin Al-Khattab, as we will mention in detail, Allah willing, while explaining this Surah. After the Prophet slaughtered his sacrificial animals in the area where he was stopped and headed back to Al-Madinah, Allah the Exalted and Most Honored revealed this Surah about what occurred between him and the idolators. Allah declared the Al-Hudaybiyyah peace treaty a manifest victory, because of the benefits peace would carry and the good results that did originate from it. `Abdullah bin Mas`ud and other Companions said, "You consider the conquering of Makkah to be Al-Fath (the victory), while to us, Al-Fath is the treaty conducted at Al-Hلudaybiyyah.'' Jabir (bin `Abdullah) said, "We only considered Al-Fath to be the day of Hلudaybiyyah!'' Al-Bukhari recorded that Al-Bara' (bin `Azib) said, "You consider Al-Fath to be the conquest of Makkah, which was indeed a victory. However, we consider Al-Fath to be the pledge of Ar-Ridwan on the Day of Al-Hudaybiyyah. Then, we were fourteen hundred with the Messenger of Allah . Al-Hudaybiyyah had a well, whose water we consumed, not leaving a drop of water in it. When the news of what happened reached the Messenger of Allah , he came towards us and sat on the edge of the well. Then he asked to be brought a bucket of water and used it for ablution. He next rinsed his mouth, invoked Allah and poured that water into the well. Soon after, that well provided us, as well as our animals, with sufficient water, in whatever amount of water we wished. Imam Ahmad recorded that `Umar bin Al-Khattab said, "We were with the Messenger of Allah on a trip, and I asked him about a matter three times, but he did not answer me. So I said to myself, `May your mother lose you, O son of Al-Khattab! You were stubborn in repeating your question three times to the Messenger of Allah ; each time he did not respond to you.' So I mounted my animal, my camel, and went ahead for fear that a part of the Qur'an might be revealed in my case. Suddenly, I heard a caller calling, `O `Umar!' So, I went to the Messenger while fearing that part of the Qur'an was revealed about me. The Prophet said,
«نَزَلَ عَلَيَّ الْبَارِحَةَ سُورَةٌ هِيَ أَحَبُّ إِلَيَّ مِنَ الدُّنْيَا وَمَا فِيهَا:
إِنَّا فَتَحْنَا لَكَ فَتْحاً مُّبِيناً لِّيَغْفِرَ لَكَ اللَّهُ مَا تَقَدَّمَ مِن ذَنبِكَ وَمَا تَأَخَّرَ»
(Last night, a Surah was revealed to me that is dearer to me than this life and all that it contains: (Verily, We have given you a manifest victory. That Allah may forgive you your sins of the past and the future.)) Al-Bukhari, At-Tirmidhi and An-Nasa'i collected this Hadith from several chains of narration through Malik, may Allah grant him His mercy. `Ali bin Al-Madini commented, "This is a good chain of narration consisting of the scholars of Al-Madinah.'' Imam Ahmad recorded that Anas bin Malik said, "This Ayah was revealed to the Prophet ,
لِّيَغْفِرَ لَكَ اللَّهُ مَا تَقَدَّمَ مِن ذَنبِكَ وَمَا تَأَخَّرَ
(That Allah may forgive you your sins of the past and the future,) on his return from Al-Hudaybiyyah. The Prophet said,
«لَقَدْ أُنْزِلَتْ عَلَيَّ اللَّيْلَةَ آيَةٌ أَحَبُّ إِلَيَّ مِمَّا عَلَى الْأَرْض»
(Tonight, an Ayah, that is dearer to me than all that the earth carries, was revealed to me.) The Prophet recited the Ayah to them. They said, `Congratulations, O Allah's Messenger! Allah the Exalted and Most Honored has stated what He will do with you. So what will He do with us' These Ayat were revealed to the Prophet ,
لِّيُدْخِلَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَالْمُؤْمِنَـتِ جَنَّـتٍ تَجْرِى مِن تَحْتِهَا الاٌّنْهَـرُ
(That He may admit the believing men and the believing women to Gardens under which rivers flow. ..), until,
فَوْزاً عَظِيماً
(...a supreme success.)'' This Hadith is recorded in the Two Sahihs. Imam Ahmad recorded that Al-Mughirah bin Shu`bah said, "The Prophet used to pray until both his feet were swollen. He was asked, `Has not Allah forgiven you all your sins of the past and of future' He said,
«أَفَلَا أَكُونُ عَبْدًا شَكُورًا؟»
(Should I not be a thankful servant)'' The two collectors of the Sahihs collected this Hadith, as well as, the rest of the Group, except Abu Dawud. Allah's statement,
إِنَّا فَتَحْنَا لَكَ فَتْحاً مُّبِيناً
(Verily, We have given you a manifest victory.) means, clear and apparent victory. This Ayah is about the treaty at Al-Hudaybiyyah, which resulted in great goodness, including people embracing Islam in large crowds and having the chance to meet each other openly. During that time, the believers preached to the idolators and thus beneficial knowledge and faith spread all around. Allah's statement,
لِّيَغْفِرَ لَكَ اللَّهُ مَا تَقَدَّمَ مِن ذَنبِكَ وَمَا تَأَخَّرَ
(That Allah may forgive you your sins of the past and the future, ) contains one of the special virtues of the Messenger , and no one else shares this honor with him. There is not an authentic Hadith that states that any person other than the Messenger earned forgiveness for all of his sins of the past and future on account of performing good deeds. This, indeed, is a great honor for the Messenger of Allah , who fulfilled the requirements of Allah's obedience, righteousness and straightness at a level never surpassed by a human being in past generations, nor will it ever be surpassed in the generations to come. Muhammad is the perfect human being and the leader and chief of all mankind in this life and the Hereafter. And since he was, and will always be, the most obedient of Allah's creation to Him and the most honoring of Allah's commands and prohibitions, he said when his she- camel insisted on kneeling down,
«حَبَسَها حَابِسُ الْفِيل»
(He Who stopped the elephant, has stopped her too.) The Prophet then declared,
«وَالَّذِي نَفْسِي بِيَدِهِ لَا يَسْأَلُونِّي الْيَوْمَ شَيْئًا يُعَظِّمُونَ بِهِ حُرُمَاتِ اللهِ إِلَّا أَجَبْتُهُمْ إِلَيْهَا»
(By the Name of Him in Whose Hand my soul is, this day, if they ask me anything which will respect the ordinances of Allah, I will grant it to them.) And when the Messenger obeyed Allah and accepted the peace offer from the Quraysh, Allah the Exalted said to him,
إِنَّا فَتَحْنَا لَكَ فَتْحاً مُّبِيناً لِّيَغْفِرَ لَكَ اللَّهُ مَا تَقَدَّمَ مِن ذَنبِكَ وَمَا تَأَخَّرَ وَيُتِمَّ نِعْمَتَهُ عَلَيْكَ
(Verily, We have given you a manifest victory. That Allah may forgive you your sins of the past and the future, and complete His favor on you,) in this life and the Hereafter,
وَيَهْدِيَكَ صِرَطاً مُّسْتَقِيماً
(and guide you on the straight path,) with the glorious legislation and the straight religion that He ordains on you,
وَيَنصُرَكَ اللَّهُ نَصْراً عَزِيزاً
(And that Allah may help you with strong help.) due to your obedience of the orders of Allah, the Exalted and Most Honored; Allah will elevate your status and give you victory above your enemies. An authentic Hadith states,
«وَمَا زَادَ اللهُ عَبْدًا بِعَفْوٍ إِلَّا عِزًّا. وَمَا تَوَاضَعَ أَحَدٌ للهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ إِلَّا رَفَعَهُ اللهُ تَعَالَى»
(No servant pardons but Allah grants him honor, and none humbles himself for Allah except that Allah the exalted and sublime raises him (in rank).) `Umar bin Al-Khattab said, "You will never punish someone who disobeyed Allah with you better than obeying Allah the Exalted and Most Honored with him.''
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Imam Bukhari meriwayatkan dengan sanadnya yang sampai kepada Habib bin Abi Tsabit ia berkata, âAku mendatangi Abu Waâil untuk bertanya kepadanya, lalu ia berkata, âKami berada di Shiffin, lalu ada seorang yang berkata, âTidakkah engkau melihat orang yang diajak kepada kitab Allah Taâala.â Maka Ali berkata, âYa (aku lebih berhak kembali kepadanya).â Sahl bin Hunaif berkata (kepada orang-orang yang mengusulkan dilanjutkan peperangan), âSalahkanlah diri kamu! Sungguh, kami telah menyaksikan keadaan kami pada hari Hudaibiyah âyakni perjanjian damai yang terjadi antara Nabi shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam dengan kaum musyrik-, kalau sekiranya kami melihat bahwa berperang (lebih baik), tentu kami melakukannya.â Kemudian (ketika itu) Umar datang dan berkata, âBukankah kita di atas yang hak, sedangkan mereka di atas yang batil, dan bukankah orang yang terbunuh di antara kita di surga dan orang yang terbunuh di antara mereka di neraka?â Beliau menjawab, âYa.âIa (Umar) berkata, âLalu mengapa kita memberikan kerendahan dalam agama kita dan kita pulang, sedangkan Allah belum memberikan keputusan di antara kita?â Beliau menjawab, âWahai Ibnul Khaththab, sesungguhnya aku Rasulullah dan Dia tidak akan menyia-nyiakan aku selamanya.â Maka Umar kembali dalam keadaan marah, dan tidak sabar sampai ia datang kepada Abu Bakar, dan berkata, âWahai Abu Bakar! Bukankah kita di atas yang hak, sedangkan mereka di atas yang batil?â Abu Bakar menjawab, âWahai Ibnul Khaththab! Sesungguhnya Beliau adalah Rasulullah dan Allah tidak akan menyia-nyiakan Beliau selamanya.â Maka turunlah surah Al Fat-h. (Hadits ini diriwayatkan pula oleh Muslim, dan di sana disebutkan, âMaka turunlah Al Qurâan kepada Rasulullah shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam, lalu Beliau mengirim seseorang kepada Umar untuk membacakan surah itu kepadanya. Maka Umar berkata, âWahai Rasulullah, apakah itu pertanda kemenangan?â Beliau menjawab, âYa.â Maka senanglah hatinya.)
Menurut Pendapat sebagian ahli tafsir yang dimaksud dengan kemenangan itu ialah kemenangan penaklukan Mekah, dan ada yang mengatakan penaklukan negeri Rum dan ada pula yang mengatakan perdamaian Hudaibiyah. tetapi kebanyakan ahli tafsir berpendapat bahwa yang dimaksud di sini ialah perdamaian Hudaibiyah. Menurut Syaikh As Saâdiy, Kemenangan yang disebutkan ini adalah perdamaian Hudaibiyah saat orang-orang musyrik menghalangi Rasulullah shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam datang berumrah ke Mekah, dimana hal ini berujung dengan diadakan perjanjian damai antara Beliau dengan kaum musyrik selama sepuluh tahun, dan Beliau harus berumrah pada tahun depan, dan bahwa siapa saja yang ingin masuk ke dalam ikatan dan sekutu orang-orang Quraisy silahkan masuk ke dalamnya, dan barang siapa yang ingin masuk ke dalam ikatan dan sekutu Rasulullah shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam, maka silahkan masuk ke dalamnya. Dengan sebab itu, orang-orang merasakan kemananan dan dakwah kepada agama Allah semakin meluas, setiap mukmin dapat dengan bebas melakukannya, dan orang yang ingin mengetahui hakikat Islam dapat mengetahuinya sehingga pada masa itu banyak orang-orang yang memeluk Islam. Oleh karena itulah, Allah Subhaanahu wa Ta'aala menamainya dengan kemenangan dan menyifatinya bahwa kemenangan tersebut adalah kemenangan yang nyata, yakni jelas. Hal itu, karena maksud menaklukkan negeri-negeri orang-orang musyrik adalah untuk menguatkan agama Allah dan memenangkan kaum muslimin, dan hal ini tercapai dengannya. Dari Fath-h (kemenangan) ini, Allah Subhaanahu wa Ta'aala mewujudkan beberapa hal, firman-Nya, âAgar Allah memberikan ampunan kepadamu (Muhammad) atas dosamu yang lalu dan yang akan datang serta menyempurnakan nikmat-Nya atasmu dan menunjukimu ke jalan yang lurus,âHal itu âwallahu aâlam- disebabkan ketaatan yang banyak yang dihasilkannya, dan masuknya manusia ke dalam agama Allah dalam jumlah besar, dan karena Rasulullah shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam siap memikul syarat-syarat yang tidak ada yang sabar kecuali para rasul ulul âazmi, dan hal ini termasuk keutamaan dan kemulian Beliau yang besar, bahkan Allah Subhaanahu wa Ta'aala telah mengampuni dosa-dosa Beliau yang lalu maupun yang akan datang.
