إِذْ أَنْتُمْ بِالْعُدْوَةِ الدُّنْيَا وَهُمْ بِالْعُدْوَةِ الْقُصْوَىٰ وَالرَّكْبُ أَسْفَلَ مِنْكُمْ ۚ وَلَوْ تَوَاعَدْتُمْ لَاخْتَلَفْتُمْ فِي الْمِيعَادِ ۙ وَلَٰكِنْ لِيَقْضِيَ اللَّهُ أَمْرًا كَانَ مَفْعُولًا لِيَهْلِكَ مَنْ هَلَكَ عَنْ بَيِّنَةٍ وَيَحْيَىٰ مَنْ حَيَّ عَنْ بَيِّنَةٍ ۗ وَإِنَّ اللَّهَ لَسَمِيعٌ عَلِيمٌ
[Remember] when you were on the near side of the valley, and they were on the farther side, and the caravan was lower [in position] than you. If you had made an appointment [to meet], you would have missed the appointment. But [it was] so that Allah might accomplish a matter already destined - that those who perished [through disbelief] would perish upon evidence and those who lived [in faith] would live upon evidence; and indeed, Allah is Hearing and Knowing.
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(It is not for any prophet to have captives until he hath made slaughter in the land…) [8:67-69]. SaidMujahid: “It happened that some of that which was revealed from heaven agreed with many of 'Umar'sopinions. When the Messenger of Allah, Allah bless him and give him peace, consulted the Muslims aboutthe prisoners of Badr, they said: 'O Messenger of Allah, they are your cousins, so free them in exchange fora ransom'. 'Umar ibn al-Khattab said: 'No, O Messenger of Allah, you should kill them'. Then this verse wasrevealed (It is not for any prophet to have captives until he hath made slaughter in the land)”. Said Ibn'Umar: “The Messenger of Allah, Allah bless him and give him peace, consulted Abu Bakr regarding theprisoners of Badr, and the latter said: 'They are your people and clan, let them go!' But when he consulted'Umar, the latter said: 'Kill them'. The Messenger of Allah, Allah bless him and give him peace, freed them inexchange for a ransom. Allah, exalted is He, then revealed (It is not for any prophet to have captives untilhe hath made slaughter in the land) up to his words (Now enjoy what ye have won, as lawful and good…)[8:69]. When the Prophet, Allah bless him and give him peace, met 'Umar, he said to him: 'We almostincurred a misfortune as a result of opposing your view!' ” Abu Bakr Ahmad ibn al-Husayn al-Hiri informedus> Hajib ibn Ahmad> Muhammad ibn Hammad> Abu Mu'awiyah> al-A'mash> 'Amr ibn Murrah> Abu'Ubaydah> 'Abd Allah who said: “When the prisoners were brought on the Day of Badr, the Messenger ofAllah, Allah bless him and give him peace, said: 'What do you think we should do with these prisoners?' AbuBakr said: 'O Messenger of Allah, these are your people and kin, spare them and wait that haply Allah,glorious and majestic is He, may relent on them'. 'Umar, on the other hand said: 'They have given you thelie and expelled you, bring them forward and chop their heads off'. 'Abd Allah ibn Rawahah said: 'Look for avalley with abundant wood and burn them there', upon which al-'Abbas commented: 'You have severed yourties of kinship!' The Messenger of Allah, Allah bless him and give him peace, did not answer them and thenwent in. Some people said: 'He will act on Abu Bakr's advice', others said: 'He will act on 'Umar's advice',while some said: 'He will act on 'Abd Allah's advice'. The Messenger of Allah, Allah bless him and give himpeace, then came out to them and said: 'Indeed, Allah, glorious and majestic is He, softens the hearts ofsome until they become softer than milk and hardens the hearts of some until they become harder thanstones. The like of you, O Abu Bakr, is the like of Abraham when he said (But whoso followeth me, he verilyis of me. And whoso disobeyeth me - still Thou art Forgiving, Merciful) [14:36] and the like of you, O AbuBakr, is the like of Jesus when he said (If Thou punish them, lo! They are Thy slaves, and if Thou forgivethem, lo! Thou, only Thou art the Mighty, the Wise) [8:118]. And the like of you, O 'Umar, is the like ofMoses who said (Our Lord! Destroy their riches and harden their hearts…)' [10:88]; and the like of you, O'Umar, is the like of Noah who said: (My Lord! Leave not one of the disbelievers in the land) [71:26]. Then,the Messenger of Allah, Allah bless him and give him peace, said: 'Today, you are dependent, you are todaydependent; none of them shall be returned except in exchange for a ransom or he will be beheaded'. Allah,glorious and majestic is He, then revealed (It is not for any prophet to have captives until he hath madeslaughter in the land) up to his words (Now enjoy what ye have won, as lawful and good) up to the end ofthe next three verses”. 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Hamdan al-'Adl informed us> Ahmad ibn Ja'far ibn Malik> 'AbdAllah ibn Ahmad ibn Hanbal> Ahmad ibn Hanbal> Abu Nuh Qurrad> 'Ikrimah ibn 'Ammar> Simak al-HanafiAbu Zumayl> Ibn 'Abbas> 'Umar ibn al-Khattab who said: “When the army of the believers met the army ofthe unbelievers at Badr and the idolaters were defeated (seventy men of them were killed and anotherseventy captured), the Messenger of Allah, Allah bless him and give him peace, consulted Abu Bakr, 'Umarand 'Ali about what to do with the prisoners. Abu Bakr said: 'O Prophet of Allah, these are our brothers,cousins and sons of our clan and my opinion is that you accept a ransom from them, so that what we takefrom them will be an added strength for us against the unbelievers. And haply Allah will guide them to Islamand be a support to us'. The Messenger of Allah, Allah bless him and give him peace, then asked: 'What doyou think, O son of al-Khattab?' He said: 'By Allah, I do not agree with Abu Bakr. My opinion is that you giveme so-and-so (a relative of 'Umar) so that I behead him, and give 'Aqil to 'Ali so that he behead him and soand-so (al-'Abbas ) to Hamzah so that he beheads him. In this way, Allah, glorious and majestic is He, willknow that there is no complaisance in our hearts toward the idolaters. These are their notables, leaders andchiefs'. The Messenger of Allah, Allah bless him and give him peace, liked what Abu Bakr said and dislikedwhat I said. And so, he accepted a ransom from them. The following day, 'Umar said: I went to see theProphet, Allah bless him and give him peace, and found him sitting with Abu Bakr. They were both crying. Isaid: 'O Messenger of Allah, what is it that makes you and your companion weep? If I can cry, I will cry withyou, if not I will feign crying'. The Prophet, Allah bless him and give him peace, said: “I am crying becauseof the suggestion of ransoming the prisoners which your fellow believers advised me to do. Yourchastisement was closer to you than this tree (and he pointed to a near by tree). Allah, exalted is He, hadrevealed (It is not for any prophet to have captives until he hath made slaughter in the land) up to Hiswords (… an awful doom had come upon you on account of what ye took) of ransom. This was narrated byMuslim in his Sahih from Hannad ibn al-Sariyy from Ibn al-Mubarak from 'Ikrimah ibn 'Ammar.
إِذْ أَنتُم بِالْعُدْوَةِ الدُّنْيَا وَهُم بِالْعُدْوَةِ الْقُصْوَى وَالرَّكْبُ أَسْفَلَ مِنكُمْ وَلَوْ تَوَاعَدتُّمْ لاَخْتَلَفْتُمْ فِي الْمِيعَـدِ وَلَـكِن لِّيَقْضِيَ اللَّهُ أَمْراً كَانَ مَفْعُولاً لِّيَهْلِكَ مَنْ هَلَكَ عَن بَيِّنَةٍ وَيَحْيَى مَنْ حَىَّ عَن بَيِّنَةٍ وَإِنَّ اللَّهَ لَسَمِيعٌ عَلِيمٌ
(42. (And remember) when you (the Muslim army) were on the near side of the valley, and they on the farther side, and the caravan on the ground lower than you. Even if you had made a mutual appointment to meet, you would certainly have failed in the appointment, but (you met) that Allah might accomplish a matter already ordained (in His knowledge), so that those who were to be destroyed (for rejecting the faith) might be destroyed after a clear evidence, and those who were to live (believers) might live after a clear evidence. And surely, Allah is All-Hearer, All-Knower.)
Allah describes Yawm Al-Furqan, (i.e. the day of Badr),
إِذْ أَنتُم بِالْعُدْوَةِ الدُّنْيَا
((And remember) when you (the Muslim army) were on the near side of the valley,) camping in the closest entrance of the valley towards Al-Madinah,
(and they), the idolators, who were camped,
بِالْعُدْوَةِ الْقُصْوَى
(on the farther side), from Al-Madinah, towards Makkah.
(and the caravan), that was under the command of Abu Sufyan, with the wealth that it contained,
أَسْفَلَ مِنكُمْ
(on the ground lower than you), closer to the sea,
وَلَوْ تَوَاعَدتُّمْ
(even if you had made a mutual appointment to meet,) you and the idolators,
لاَخْتَلَفْتُمْ فِي الْمِيعَـدِ
(you would certainly have failed in the appointment) Muhammad bin Ishaq said, "Yahya bin `Abbad bin `Abdullah bin Az-Zubayr narrated to me from his father about this Ayah "Had there been an appointed meeting set between you and them and you came to know of their superior numbers and your few forces, you would not have met them,
وَلَـكِن لِّيَقْضِيَ اللَّهُ أَمْراً كَانَ مَفْعُولاً
(but (you met) that Allah might accomplish a matter already ordained,) Allah had decreed that He would bring glory to Islam and its people, while disgracing Shirk and its people. You the companions had no knowledge this would happen, but it was out of Allah's compassion that He did that.'' In a Hadith, Ka`b bin Malik said, "The Messenger of Allah and the Muslims marched to intercept the Quraysh caravan, but Allah made them meet their (armed) enemy without appointment.'' Muhammad bin Ishaq said that Yazid bin Ruwman narrated to him that `Urwah bin Az-Zubayr said, "Upon approaching Badr, the Messenger of Allah sent `Ali bin Abi Talib, Sa`d bin Abi Waqqas, Az-Zubayr bin Al-`Awwam and several other Companions to spy the pagans. They captured two boys, a servant of Bani Sa`id bin Al-`As and a servant of Bani Al-Hajjaj, while they were bringing water for Quraysh. So they brought them to the Messenger of Allah , but found him praying. The Companions started interrogating the boys, asking them to whom they belonged. Both of them said that they were employees bringing water for Quraysh (army). The Componions were upset with that answer, since they thought that the boys belonged to Abu Sufyan (who was commanding the caravan). So they beat the two boys vehemently, who said finally that they belonged to Abu Sufyan. Thereupon companions left them alone. When the Prophet ended the prayer, he said,
«إَذَا صَدَّقَاكُمْ ضَرَبْتُمُوهُمَا، وَإِذَا كَذَّبَاكُمْ تَرَكْتُمُوهُمَا، صَدَقَا وَاللهِ إِنَّهُمَا لِقُرَيْشٍ ، أَخْبِرَانِي عَنْ قُرَيْش»
(When they tell you the truth you beat them, but when they lie you let them go They have said the truth, by Allah! They belong to the Quraysh. (addressing to the boys He said:) Tell me the news about Quraysh.) The two boys said, `They are behind this hill that you see, on the far side of the valley.' The Messenger of Allah asked,
«كَمِ الْقَوْمُ؟»
(How many are they) They said, `They are many.' He asked,
(How many) They said, `We do not know the precise number.' He asked,
«كَمْ يَنْحَرُونَ كُلَّ يَوْمٍ؟»
(How many camels do they slaughter every day) They said, `Nine or ten a day.' The Messenger of Allah said,
«الْقَوْمُ مَا بَيْنَ التِّسْعمِائَةِ إِلَى الْأَلْف»
(They are between nine-hundred and a thousand.) He asked again,
«فَمَنْ فِيهِمْ مِنْ أَشْرَافِ قُرَيْشٍ؟»
(Which chiefs of Quraysh are accompanying the army) They said, `Utbah bin Rabi`ah, Shaybah bin Rabi`ah, Abu Al-Bakhtari bin Hisham, Hakim bin Hizam, Nawfal bin Khuwaylid, Al-Harith bin `Amir bin Nawfal, Tu`aymah bin Adi bin Nawfal, An-Nadr bin Al-Harith, Zam`ah bin Al-Aswad, Abu Jahl bin Hisham, Umayyah bin Khalaf, Nabih and Munabbih sons of Al-Hajjaj, Suhayl bin `Amr and `Amr bin `Abd Wadd.' The Messenger of Allah said to the people,
«هَذِهِ مَكَّةُ قَدْ أَلْقَتْ إِلَيْكُمْ أَفَلَاذَ كَبِدِهَا»
(This is Makkah! She has brought you her most precious sons (its chiefs)!)'' Allah said,
لِّيَهْلِكَ مَنْ هَلَكَ عَن بَيِّنَةٍ وَيَحْيَى مَنْ حَىَّ عَن بَيِّنَةٍ
(So that those who were to be destroyed might be destroyed after a clear evidence.) 8:42 Muhammad bin Ishaq commented, "So that those who disbelieve do so after witnessing clear evidence, proof and lessons, and those who believe do so after witnessing the same.'' This is a sound explanation. Allah says, He made you meet your enemy in one area without appointment, so that He gives you victory over them.' This way, `He will raise the word of truth above falsehood, so that the matter is made clear, the proof unequivocal and the evidence plain. Then there will be no more plea or doubt for anyone. Then, those destined to destruction by persisting in disbelief do so with evidence, aware that they are misguided and that proof has been established against them,
وَيَحْيَى مَنْ حَىَّ
(and those who were to live might live), those who wish to believe do so,
عَن بَيِّنَةٍ
(after a clear evidence), and proof. Verily, faith is the life of the heart, as Allah said,
أَوَمَن كَانَ مَيْتًا فَأَحْيَيْنَـهُ وَجَعَلْنَا لَهُ نُورًا يَمْشِي بِهِ فِى النَّاسِ كَمَن
(Is he who was dead (without faith by ignorance and disbelief) and We gave him life (by knowledge and faith) and set for him a light (of belief) whereby he can walk among men ...) 6:122. Allah said next,
وَإِنَّ اللَّهَ لَسَمِيعٌ
(And surely, Allah is All-Hearer), of your invocation, humility and requests for His help,
(All-Knower) meaning; about you, and you deserve victory over your rebellious, disbelieving enemies.
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Maksudnya kaum muslimin ketika itu berada di pinggir lembah yang dekat ke Madinah, dan orang-orang kafir berada di pinggir lembah yang jauh dari Madinah. Sedangkan kafilah yang dipimpin oleh Abu Sofyan itu berada di tepi pantai kira-kira 5 mil dari Badar.
Dengan mereka (kaum kafir Quraisy).
Maksudnya kemenangan kaum muslimin dan kehancuran kaum musyrikin, dan dikumpulkan-Nya mereka tanpa ada persetujuan waktunya terlebih dahulu merupakan ketentuan Allah yang mesti terjadi.
Maksudnya agar orang-orang yang tetap di dalam kekafirannya tidak mempunyai alasan lagi di hadapan Allah untuk tetap dalam kekafiran itu karena telah tegak hujjah dan bukti yang nyata (seperti bisa menangnya kaum muslimin terhadap musuh mereka yang berjumlah banyak padahal jumlah mereka hanya sedikit), dan orang-orang yang beriman bertambah lagi keimanannya karena Allah telah menampakkan bukti-bukti yang nyata yang menunjukkan kebenaran mereka, di mana di dalamnya terdapat peringatan bagi orang-orang yang berakal.
Allah Maha Mendengar semua suara dengan berbagai macam bahasa dan berbagai macam kebutuhan, Dia mengetahui pula yang nampak maupun yang tersembunyi dan semua rahasia, serta mengetahui yang ghaib maupun yang kelihatan.
