يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِذَا جَاءَكُمُ الْمُؤْمِنَاتُ مُهَاجِرَاتٍ فَامْتَحِنُوهُنَّ ۖ اللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ بِإِيمَانِهِنَّ ۖ فَإِنْ عَلِمْتُمُوهُنَّ مُؤْمِنَاتٍ فَلَا تَرْجِعُوهُنَّ إِلَى الْكُفَّارِ ۖ لَا هُنَّ حِلٌّ لَهُمْ وَلَا هُمْ يَحِلُّونَ لَهُنَّ ۖ وَآتُوهُمْ مَا أَنْفَقُوا ۚ وَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْكُمْ أَنْ تَنْكِحُوهُنَّ إِذَا آتَيْتُمُوهُنَّ أُجُورَهُنَّ ۚ وَلَا تُمْسِكُوا بِعِصَمِ الْكَوَافِرِ وَاسْأَلُوا مَا أَنْفَقْتُمْ وَلْيَسْأَلُوا مَا أَنْفَقُوا ۚ ذَٰلِكُمْ حُكْمُ اللَّهِ ۖ يَحْكُمُ بَيْنَكُمْ ۚ وَاللَّهُ عَلِيمٌ حَكِيمٌ
O you who have believed, when the believing women come to you as emigrants, examine them. Allah is most knowing as to their faith. And if you know them to be believers, then do not return them to the disbelievers; they are not lawful [wives] for them, nor are they lawful [husbands] for them. But give the disbelievers what they have spent. And there is no blame upon you if you marry them when you have given them their due compensation. And hold not to marriage bonds with disbelieving women, but ask for what you have spent and let them ask for what they have spent. That is the judgement of Allah; He judges between you. And Allah is Knowing and Wise.
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(O ye who believe! When believing women come unto you as fugitives, examine them. Allah is Best Aware oftheir faith…) [60:10]. Ibn ‘Abbas said: “On the year of Hudaybiyyah, the idolaters of Mecca signed a peacetreaty with the Messenger of Allah, Allah bless him and give him peace. This treaty stipulated that whoeverof the people of Mecca runs away to him from them should be returned to them, and whoever of hisCompanions runs away to the people of Mecca will not be returned. They wrote the treaty and sealed it. Justafter signing the treaty, Subay‘ah bint al-Harith al-Aslamiyyah went to the Prophet, Allah bless him and givehim peace, while he was still at al-Hudaybiyyah. Her husband, who was an unbeliever came and said: ‘OMuhammad, return my wife to me, for you had agreed to return to us whoever runs away to you. The ink ofthe treaty has not dried yet’. Allah, exalted is He, then revealed this verse”. Al-Hasan ibn Muhammad al-Farisi informed us> Muhammad ibn ‘Abd Allah ibn al-Fadl> Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Hafiz>Muhammad ibn Yahya> Hasan ibn al-Rabi‘ ibn al-Khashshab> Ibn Idris> Muhammad ibn Ishaq> al-Zuhriwho said: “I entered in on ‘Urwah ibn al-Zubayr while he was writing a letter to Ibn Hunaydah, the aid of al-Walid ibn ‘Abd al-Malik, in reply to his question about the words of Allah, exalted is He, (O ye who believe!When believing women come unto you as fugitives, examine them). He wrote to him: ‘The Messenger ofAllah, Allah bless him and give him peace, signed a peace treaty with the Quraysh on the day of al-Hudaybiyyah. The treaty stipulated that he should return to them whoever goes to him without thepermission of his custodian. When women emigrated [from Mecca to the Prophet, Allah bless him and givehim peace,] Allah, exalted is He, refused to turn them back to the idolaters after it has been ascertained thatthey had migrated for Islam. This examination consisted of giving back their dowers to the idolaters if theyare kept back [with the Muslims], provided that the idolaters give back the dowers of the wives of Muslimswho stayed back in Mecca’. He said: ‘That is the judgement of Allah with which He judges between them.The Messenger of Allah, Allah bless him and give him peace, therefore, kept back women and sent back tothe Quraysh the men who had run away from them’ ”.
يأَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ إِذَا جَآءَكُمُ الْمُؤْمِنَـتُ مُهَـجِرَتٍ فَامْتَحِنُوهُنَّ اللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ بِإِيمَـنِهِنَّ فَإِنْ عَلِمْتُمُوهُنَّ مُؤْمِنَـتٍ فَلاَ تَرْجِعُوهُنَّ إِلَى الْكُفَّارِ لاَ هُنَّ حِلٌّ لَّهُمْ وَلاَ هُمْ يَحِلُّونَ لَهُنَّ وَءَاتُوهُم مَّآ أَنفَقُواْ وَلاَ جُنَاحَ عَلَيْكُمْ أَن تَنكِحُوهُنَّ إِذَآ ءَاتَيْتُمُوهُنَّ أُجُورَهُنَّ وَلاَ تُمْسِكُواْ بِعِصَمِ الْكَوَافِرِ وَاسْـَلُواْ مَآ أَنفَقْتُمْ وَلْيَسْـَلُواْ مَآ أَنفَقُواْ ذَلِكُمْ حُكْمُ اللَّهِ يَحْكُمُ بَيْنَكُمْ وَاللَّهُ عَلِيمٌ حَكِيمٌ - وَإِن فَاتَكُمْ شَىْءٌ مِّنْ أَزْوَجِكُمْ إِلَى الْكُفَّـرِ فَعَـقَبْتُمْ فَآتُواْ الَّذِينَ ذَهَبَتْ أَزْوَجُهُمْ مِّثْلَ مَآ أَنفَقُواْ وَاتَّقُواْ اللَّهَ الَّذِى أَنتُمْ بِهِ مُؤْمِنُونَ
(10. O you who believe! When believing women come to you as emigrants, examine them; Allah knows best as to their faith, then if you ascertain that they are true believers, send them not back to the disbelievers. They are not lawful for the disbelievers nor are the disbelievers lawful for them. But give them (disbelievers) that which they have spent (on their dowery). And there will be no sin on you to marry them if you have paid their due to them. Likewise do not keep the disbelieving women, and ask for that which you have spent (on their dowery) and let them (the disbelievers) ask for that which they have spent. That is the judgement of Allah, He judges between you. And Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise.)
(11. And if any of your wives have gone from you to the disbelievers then you succeed over them (gain victory); then pay those whose wives have gone, the equivalent of what they had spent. And have Taqwa of Allah, the One in Whom you are believers.)
In Surat Al-Fath, we related the story of the treaty at Al-Hudaybiyyah that was conducted between the Messenger of Allah and the disbelievers of Quraysh. In that treaty, there were these words, "Everyman (in another narration, every person) who reverts from our side to your side, should be returned to us, even if he is a follower of your religion.'' This was said by `Urwah, Ad-Dahhak, `Abdur-Rahman bin Zayd, Az-Zuhri, Muqatil bin Hayyan and As-Suddi. So according to this narration, this Ayah specifies and explains the Sunnah. And this is the best case of understanding. Yet according to another view of some of the Salaf, it abrogates it. Allah the Exalted and Most High ordered His faithful servants to test the faith of women who emigrate to them. When they are sure that they are faithful, they should not send them back to the disbelievers, for the disbelievers are not allowed for them and they are not allowed for the disbelievers. In the biography of `Abdullah bin Abi Ahmad bin Jahsh in Al-Musnad Al-Kabir, we also mentioned that `Abdullah bin Abi Ahmad said, "Umm Kulthum bint `Uqbah bin Abi Mu`ayt emigrated and her brothers, `Umarah and Al-Walid, went after her. They came to Allah's Messenger and talked to him about Umm Kulthum and asked that she be returned to them. Allah abolished the part of the treaty between the Prophet and the idolators about the women particularly. So He forbade returning Muslim women to the idolators and revealed the Ayah about testing them.'' Al-`Awfi reported from Ibn `Abbas, about Allah's saying:
يأَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ إِذَا جَآءَكُمُ الْمُؤْمِنَـتُ مُهَـجِرَتٍ فَامْتَحِنُوهُنَّ
(O you who believe! When believing women come to you as emigrants, examine them;) "Their examination was asking them to testify to La ilaha illallah, and that Muhammad is Allah's servant and His Messenger.'' Mujahid explained the Ayah,
(examine them) by saying, "Ask them why they migrated. If they came because they were angry with their husbands, or for any other reason, and you realized that they did not embrace the faith, then send them back to their husbands.'' Allah's statement,
فَإِنْ عَلِمْتُمُوهُنَّ مُؤْمِنَـتٍ فَلاَ تَرْجِعُوهُنَّ إِلَى الْكُفَّارِ
(then if you ascertain that they are true believers, send them not back to the disbelievers.) This Ayah indicates that faith can be recognized and affirmed.
Allah's statement,
لاَ هُنَّ حِلٌّ لَّهُمْ وَلاَ هُمْ يَحِلُّونَ لَهُنَّ
(They are not lawful for the disbelievers nor are the disbelievers lawful for them.) This Ayah forbids Muslim women for idolators, which was a lawful marriage in the beginning of Islam. Abu Al-`As bin Ar-Rabi` was married to Zaynab, the Prophet's daughter. She was a Muslim, while Abu Al-`As was still an idolator like his people. When he was captured during the battle of Badr, his wife, Zaynab, sent his ransom, a necklace that belonged to the Prophet's first wife Khadijah. The Prophet became very emotional when he saw the necklace and said to the Companions,
«إِنْ رَأَيْتُمْ أَنْ تُطْلِقُوا لَهَا أَسِيرَهَا فَافْعَلُوا»
(If you decide to set free the prisoner who belongs to her, then do so.) They did, and Allah's Messenger set him free. His ransom was that he send his wife to Allah's Messenger . Abu Al-`As fulfilled his promise and sent Zaynab to Allah's Messenger along with Zayd bin Harithah. Zaynab remained in Al-Madinah after the battle of Badr, which took place in the second year of Hijrah, until her husband Abu Al-`As bin Ar-Rahi` embraced Islam in the eighth year after the Hijrah. She returned to their marriage without renewing the dowery. Allah's statement,
وَءَاتُوهُم مَّآ أَنفَقُواْ
(But give them that which they have spent. ) meaning, the husbands of the emigrant women who came from the idolators, return the dowery that they gave to their wives. This was said by Ibn `Abbas, Mujahid, Qatadah, Az-Zuhri and several others. Allah's statement,
وَلاَ جُنَاحَ عَلَيْكُمْ أَن تَنكِحُوهُنَّ إِذَآ ءَاتَيْتُمُوهُنَّ أُجُورَهُنَّ
(And there will be no sin on you to marry them if you have paid their due to them.) means, when you wish to marry them, then give them their dowery. That is, marry them under the condition that their `Iddah (waiting period) is finished and they have a legal guardian for their marriage etc. Allah said,
وَلاَ تُمْسِكُواْ بِعِصَمِ الْكَوَافِرِ
(Likewise do not keep disbelieving women,) thus forbidding His faithful servants from marrying idolator women or remaining married to them. In the Sahih, it is recorded that Al-Miswar and Marwan bin Al-Hakam said that after the Messenger of Allah conducted the treaty with the Quraysh idolators at Al-Hudaybiyyah, some Muslim women emigrated to him and Allah the Exalted sent down this Ayah about them,
يأَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ إِذَا جَآءَكُمُ الْمُؤْمِنَـتُ مُهَـجِرَتٍ
(O you who believe! When believing women come to you as emigrants) until,
وَلاَ تُمْسِكُواْ بِعِصَمِ الْكَوَافِرِ
(Likewise do not keep disbelieving women,) Then `Umar bin Al-Khattab divorced two of his wives, who were idolatresses, and one of them got married to Mu`awiyah bin Abi Sufyan, while the other got married to Safwan bin Umayyah. Ibn Thawr narrated that Ma`mar said that Az-Zuhri said, "This Ayah was revealed to Allah's Messenger while he was in the area of Al-Hudaybiyyah, after making peace. He agreed that whoever comes from the Quraysh to his side, will be returned to Makkah. When some women came, this Ayah was revealed. Allah commanded that the dowery that was paid to these women be returned to their husbands. Allah also ordered that if some Muslim women revert to the side of the idolators, the idolators should return their dowery to their Muslim husbands. Allah said,
وَلاَ تُمْسِكُواْ بِعِصَمِ الْكَوَافِرِ
(Likewise do not keep disbelieving women).'' Allah's statement,
وَاسْـَلُواْ مَآ أَنفَقْتُمْ وَلْيَسْـَلُواْ مَآ أَنفَقُواْ
(and ask for that which you have spent and let them ask for that which they have spent.) means, ask them for what you have paid to your wives who reverted to the side of the idolators, and they are entitled to get back the dowery that they gave their wives who emigrated to the Muslims. Allah's statement,
ذَلِكُمْ حُكْمُ اللَّهِ يَحْكُمُ بَيْنَكُمْ
(That is the judgement of Allah, He judges between you.) means, this judgement about the treaty and excluding women from its clauses, is a decision that Allah made for His creatures,
وَاللَّهُ عَلِيمٌ حَكِيمٌ
(And Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise.) meaning, He knows what benefits His servants and is the Most Wise about that. Allah the Exalted said,
وَإِن فَاتَكُمْ شَىْءٌ مِّنْ أَزْوَجِكُمْ إِلَى الْكُفَّـرِ فَعَـقَبْتُمْ فَآتُواْ الَّذِينَ ذَهَبَتْ أَزْوَجُهُمْ مِّثْلَ مَآ أَنفَقُواْ
(And if any of your wives have gone from you to the disbelievers -- then you succeeded (gained victory) over them; then pay those whose wives have gone, the equivalent of what they had spent.) Mujahid and Qatadah explained this Ayah, by saying, "This is about the disbelievers who did not have a treaty of peace. If a woman flees to the disbelievers and they do not give back what that her husband spent on her, then if a women comes to them (the Muslims) they are not to return to her husband anything until they pay the Muslim whose wife went to them the equivalent of what he spent. '' Ibn Jarir recorded that Az-Zuhri said, "The believers abided by Allah's decree and paid what they owed the idolators to compensate for the dowery the idolators gave to the women (who emigrated). However, the idolators refused to accept Allah's judgement for what they owed the Muslims. Allah said to the faithful believers,
وَإِن فَاتَكُمْ شَىْءٌ مِّنْ أَزْوَجِكُمْ إِلَى الْكُفَّـرِ فَعَـقَبْتُمْ فَآتُواْ الَّذِينَ ذَهَبَتْ أَزْوَجُهُمْ مِّثْلَ مَآ أَنفَقُواْ وَاتَّقُواْ اللَّهَ الَّذِى أَنتُمْ بِهِ مُؤْمِنُونَ
(And if any of your wives have gone from you to the disbelievers -- then you succeeded (gained victory) over them; then pay those whose wives have gone, the equivalent of what they had spent. And have Taqwa of Allah, the One in Whom your are believers.) Therefore, if a Muslim woman reverts to the idolators, the believers should give back the dowery her Muslim husband paid her, from whatever money is left with them from the dowery of women who migrated to the Muslims. They were supposed to return this wealth to the idolator husbands of these emigrant women. If they still have anything they owed the idolators, then they should return it to them.''
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Imam Bukhari meriwayatkan dengan sanadnya yang sampai kepada Urwah bin Zubair, bahwa ia mendengar Marwan dan Al Miswar bin Makhramah radhiyallahu 'anhuma memberitahukan tentang para sahabat Rasulullah shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam, katanya, âKetika Suhail bin âAmr membuat perjanjian, maka di antara perjanjian Suhail bin âAmr kepada Nabi shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam adalah, bahwa tidak ada seorang yang datang kepadamu dari kalangan kami meskipun ia masuk ke agama kamu kecuali engkau kembalikan kepada kami dan engkau biarkan kami terhadapnya. Maka kaum muslimin tidak suka hal itu dan tidak siap terhadapnya, tetapi Suhail tetap menginginkan seperti itu, lalu Nabi shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam menurutinya. Ketika itu Nabi shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam mengembalikan Abu Jandal kepada bapaknya Suhail bin âAmr dan tidak ada seorang pun yang datang (kepada Beliau) kecuali dikembalikan dalam masa perjanjian itu meskipun sudah masuk Islam. Ada wanita-wanita mukmin yang berhijrah, dimana salah satunya adalah Ummu Kultsum bintu âUqbah bin Abi Muâaith, ia berhijrah kepada Rasulullah shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam dengan keadaannya masih gadis, lalu keluarganya meminta kepada Nabi shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam agar Beliau mengembalikannya kepada mereka, namun Beliau tidak mengembalikannya kepada mereka karena Allah Subhaanahu wa Ta'aala telah menurunkan ayat berkenaan dengan kaum wanita, âApabila perempuan-perempuan mukmin datang berhijrah kepadamu, maka hendaklah kamu uji (keimanan) mereka. Allah lebih mengetahui tentang keimanan mereka; sampai firman-Nya, âMereka tidak halal bagi orang-orang kafir itu dan orang-orang kafir itu tidak halal bagi mereka.â Urwah berkata: Aisyah memberitahukan kepadaku bahwa Rasulullah shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam menguji mereka dengan ayat ini, âWahai orang-orang yang beriman! Apabila perempuan-perempuan mukmin datang berhijrah kepadamu, maka hendaklah kamu uji (keimanan) mereka. Sampai firman-Nya, âAllah Maha Pengampun lagi Maha Penyayang (ayat 12).â Urwah berkata: Aisyah berkata, âMaka barang siapa mengakui syarat (perjanjian) ini di antara mereka, Rasulullah shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam bersabda kepadanya, âAku baiâat kamu.â Terhadap ucapan yang Beliau ucapkan tersebut. Demi Allah, tangan Beliau tidak menyentuh tangan seorang wanita dalam berbaiâat dan Beliau tidaklah membaiâat mereka kecuali dengan kata-kata Beliau.â
Oleh karena pada perdamaian Hudaibiyah, Nabi shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam mengadakan perjanjian damai dengan kaum musyrikin, dimana di antara isi perjanjian itu adalah bahwa barang siapa yang datang dari mereka dalam keadaan muslim kepada kaum muslimin, maka harus dikembalikan kepada kaum musyrikin, dimana lafaz ini adalah lafaz mutlak yang berlaku baik bagi laki-laki maupun wanita. Untuk laki-laki, maka Allah Subhaanahu wa Ta'aala tidak melarang Rasul-Nya shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam untuk mengembalikannya kepada kaum musyrikin sebagai pemenuhan terhadap syarat (perjanjian) tersebut yang terdapat maslahat terbesar. Adapun untuk wanita, karena mengembalikan mereka terdapat mafsadat yang besar, maka Allah Subhaanahu wa Ta'aala memerintahkan kaum mukmin bahwa apabila kaum wanita yang mukmin datang, sedangkan mereka masih meragukan keimanannya, maka hendaknya mereka menguji dan mengetes mereka dengan sesuatu yang dapat menunjukkan kejujuran mereka, yaitu dengan sumpah yang diperberat resikonya (mughallazhah) dan lainnya karena jika tidak demikian bisa saja iman mereka tidak benar, yakni ia berhijrah bisa karena tidak suka kepada suaminya atau negerinya dan maksud-maksud duniawi lainnya. Jika demikian (tujuannya adalah duniawi), maka mereka harus dikembalikan kepada suami mereka untuk memenuhi syarat (perjanjian) tanpa ada mafsadat yang timbul, namun jika setelah diuji ternyata mereka adalah wanita-wanita yang benar beriman atau dapat diketahui tanpa perlu diuji, maka jangan mengembalikan mereka kepada kaum kafir.
Menurut Ibnu Abbas, ujian terhadap mereka adalah mereka bersaksi bahwa tidak ada Tuhan yang berhak disembah kecuali Allah dan bahwa Muhammad adalah hamba Allah dan Rasul-Nya. Menurut Mujahid, tanya mereka karena apa mereka datang? Jika datang karena marah kepada kepada suami mereka, benci atau lainnya dan mereka tidak beriman, maka kembalikanlah mereka kepada suami mereka. Menurut Qatadah, ujian mereka adalah mereka diminta bersumpah dengan nama Allah, bahwa mereka keluar bukan karena durhaka kepada suami, mereka tidak keluar kecuali karena cinta kepada Islam dan para pemeluknya dan sangat cinta kepadanya (Islam), jika mereka mau mengucapkannya, maka diterimalah hal itu dari mereka.
Yakni menurutmu.
Mengembalikan mereka kepada orang-orang kafir terdapat mafsadat yang besar yang dilirik oleh syariâ (penetap syariat, yaitu Allah Subhaanahu wa Ta'aala). Meskipun begitu, syariâ juga memperhatikan kewajiban âmemenuhi syarat (perjanjian)â oleh karena itu memerintahkan agar suami-suami mereka yang masih kafir diberikan mahar dan sesuatu yang mengiringinya yang telah mereka (suami-suami yang masih kafir) berikan. Ketika itu, tidak ada dosa bagi kaum muslimin menikahi mereka meskipun mereka punya suami di negeri syirk, tetapi dengan syarat mereka diberi mahar.
Oleh karena wanita muslimah tidak halal bagi orang kafir, demikian pula wanita kafir tidak halal bagi seorang muslim menahannya selama wanita itu tetap di atas kekafirannya selain Ahli Kitab. Oleh karena itu, Allah Subhaanahu wa Ta'aala berfirman, âDan janganlah kamu tetap berpegang pada tali (pernikahan) dengan perempuan-perempuan kafir.â Apabila menahan saja dilarang, maka memulai menikahinya lebih dilarang lagi.
Wahai kaum mukmin, ketika istri-istrimu murtad mendatangi orang-orang kafir.
Dia mengetahui hukum-hukum yang bermaslahat bagimu dan mensyariatkan untukmu hal yang sejalan dengan hikmah (kebijaksanaan).
