فَإِذَا انْسَلَخَ الْأَشْهُرُ الْحُرُمُ فَاقْتُلُوا الْمُشْرِكِينَ حَيْثُ وَجَدْتُمُوهُمْ وَخُذُوهُمْ وَاحْصُرُوهُمْ وَاقْعُدُوا لَهُمْ كُلَّ مَرْصَدٍ ۚ فَإِنْ تَابُوا وَأَقَامُوا الصَّلَاةَ وَآتَوُا الزَّكَاةَ فَخَلُّوا سَبِيلَهُمْ ۚ إِنَّ اللَّهَ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ
And when the sacred months have passed, then kill the polytheists wherever you find them and capture them and besiege them and sit in wait for them at every place of ambush. But if they should repent, establish prayer, and give zakah, let them [go] on their way. Indeed, Allah is Forgiving and Merciful.
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(O ye who believe! Choose not your fathers nor your brethren for friends if they take pleasure in disbeliefrather than faith) [9:23-24]. Said al-Kalbi: “When the Messenger of Allah, Allah bless him and give himpeace, was commanded to migrate to Medina, some men went to their fathers, brothers or wives and said:'We have been commanded to migrate to Medina'. Thus, some people liked the command and hastened toexecute it, while the wives, dependents and children of others hung on to some others, saying: 'We beseechyou by Allah not to leave us to no one, causing our waste and peril'. The hearts of these softened for themand, as a result, they refrained from migrating. These words of Allah, exalted is He, were then revealed torebuke them (O ye who believe! Choose not your fathers nor your brethren for friends if they take pleasurein disbelief rather than faith…)”. As for those who stayed back in Mecca and did not migrate, Allah, exalted isHe, revealed (then wait till Allah bringeth His command to pass…) [9:24], meaning fighting and theconquest of Mecca.
فَإِذَا انسَلَخَ الأَشْهُرُ الْحُرُمُ فَاقْتُلُواْ الْمُشْرِكِينَ حَيْثُ وَجَدتُّمُوهُمْ وَخُذُوهُمْ وَاحْصُرُوهُمْ وَاقْعُدُواْ لَهُمْ كُلَّ مَرْصَدٍ فَإِن تَابُواْ وَأَقَامُواْ الصَّلَوةَ وَءاتَوُاْ الزَّكَوةَ فَخَلُّواْ سَبِيلَهُمْ إِنَّ اللَّهَ غَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌ
(5. So when the Sacred Months have passed, then fight the Mushrikin wherever you find them, and capture them and besiege them, and lie in wait for them in each and every ambush. But if they repent and perform the Salah, and give the Zakah, then leave their way free. Verily, Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.)
Mujahid, `Amr bin Shu`ayb, Muhammad bin Ishaq, Qatadah, As-Suddi and `Abdur-Rahman bin Zayd bin Aslam said that the four months mentioned in this Ayah are the four-month grace period mentioned in the earlier Ayah,
فَسِيحُواْ فِى الاٌّرْضِ أَرْبَعَةَ أَشْهُرٍ
(So travel freely for four months throughout the land.) Allah said next,
فَإِذَا انسَلَخَ الأَشْهُرُ الْحُرُمُ
(So when the Sacred Months have passed...), meaning, `Upon the end of the four months during which We prohibited you from fighting the idolators, and which is the grace period We gave them, then fight and kill the idolators wherever you may find them.' Allah's statement next,
فَاقْتُلُواْ الْمُشْرِكِينَ حَيْثُ وَجَدتُّمُوهُمْ
(then fight the Mushrikin wherever you find them), means, on the earth in general, except for the Sacred Area, for Allah said,
وَلاَ تُقَـتِلُوهُمْ عِندَ الْمَسْجِدِ الْحَرَامِ حَتَّى يُقَـتِلُوكُمْ فِيهِ فَإِن قَـتَلُوكُمْ فَاقْتُلُوهُمْ
(And fight not with them at Al-Masjid Al-Haram, unless they fight you there. But if they attack you, then fight them. )2:191 Allah said here,
(and capture them), executing some and keeping some as prisoners,
وَاحْصُرُوهُمْ وَاقْعُدُواْ لَهُمْ كُلَّ مَرْصَدٍ
(and besiege them, and lie in wait for them in each and every ambush), do not wait until you find them. Rather, seek and besiege them in their areas and forts, gather intelligence about them in the various roads and fairways so that what is made wide looks ever smaller to them. This way, they will have no choice, but to die or embrace Islam,
فَإِن تَابُواْ وَأَقَامُواْ الصَّلَوةَ وَءاتَوُاْ الزَّكَوةَ فَخَلُّواْ سَبِيلَهُمْ إِنَّ اللَّهَ غَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌ
(But if they repent and perform the Salah, and give the Zakah, then leave their way free. Verily, Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.) Abu Bakr As-Siddiq used this and other honorable Ayat as proof for fighting those who refrained from paying the Zakah. These Ayat allowed fighting people unless, and until, they embrace Islam and implement its rulings and obligations. Allah mentioned the most important aspects of Islam here, including what is less important. Surely, the highest elements of Islam after the Two Testimonials, are the prayer, which is the right of Allah, the Exalted and Ever High, then the Zakah, which benefits the poor and needy. These are the most honorable acts that creatures perform, and this is why Allah often mentions the prayer and Zakah together. In the Two Sahihs, it is recorded that Ibn `Umar said that the Messenger of Allah said,
«أُمِرْتُ أَنْ أُقَاتِلَ النَّاسَ حَتَّى يَشْهَدُوا أَنْ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللهُ وَأَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ اللهِ وَيُقِيمُوا الصَّلَاةَ وَيُؤْتُوا الزَّكَاة»
(I have been commanded to fight the people until they testify that there is no deity worthy of worship except Allah and that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, establish the prayer and pay the Zakah.) This honorable Ayah (9:5) was called the Ayah of the Sword, about which Ad-Dahhak bin Muzahim said, "It abrogated every agreement of peace between the Prophet and any idolator, every treaty, and every term.'' Al-`Awfi said that Ibn `Abbas commented: "No idolator had any more treaty or promise of safety ever since Surah Bara'ah was revealed. The four months, in addition to, all peace treaties conducted before Bara'ah was revealed and announced had ended by the tenth of the month of Rabi` Al-Akhir.''
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Yang dimaksud dengan bulan Haram di sini adalah masa 4 bulan yang diberi tangguh kepada kamu musyrik itu (mereka yang mengadakan perjanjian tidak diperangi), Yaitu dimulai dari tanggal 10 Zulhijjah (hari turunnya ayat ini) sampai dengan 10 Rabi'ul akhir.
Di tanah halal atau di tanah haram.
Dengan menawannya.
Di benteng mereka sampai mereka terbunuh atau masuk Islam. Jangan biarkan mereka leluasa di negeri dan bumi Allah yang sesungguhnya Dia jadikan sebagai tempat ibadah bagi hamba-hamba-Nya. Bumi ini milik Allah, tidak pantas ditempati oleh musuh-Nya; yaitu orang-orang yang ingin menghilangkan agama-Nya dari bumi ini.
Di jalan yang mereka lalui serta tetap teruslah bersikap seperti ini agar mereka bertobat dari perbuatan syirknya.
Maksudnya keamanan mereka menjadi terjamin. Berdasarkan ayat ini, maka barang siapa yang enggan melaksanakan shalat dan menunaikan zakat, ia harus diperangi sampai mau melakukannya sebagaimana yang dilakukan Abu Bakar Ash Shiddiq radhiyallahu 'anhu.
