۞ يَسْأَلُونَكَ عَنِ الْأَهِلَّةِ ۖ قُلْ هِيَ مَوَاقِيتُ لِلنَّاسِ وَالْحَجِّ ۗ وَلَيْسَ الْبِرُّ بِأَنْ تَأْتُوا الْبُيُوتَ مِنْ ظُهُورِهَا وَلَٰكِنَّ الْبِرَّ مَنِ اتَّقَىٰ ۗ وَأْتُوا الْبُيُوتَ مِنْ أَبْوَابِهَا ۚ وَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ لَعَلَّكُمْ تُفْلِحُونَ
They ask you, [O Muhammad], about the new moons. Say, "They are measurements of time for the people and for Hajj." And it is not righteousness to enter houses from the back, but righteousness is [in] one who fears Allah. And enter houses from their doors. And fear Allah that you may succeed.
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(They ask thee, (O Muhammad), of new moons…) [2:189]. Said Mu‘adh ibn Jabal: “O Messenger of Allah!The Jews come to us and ask us excessively about new moons”. And so Allah, exalted is He, revealed thisverse. Said Qatadah: “It was mentioned to us that the Prophet, Allah bless him and give him peace, wasasked about the reason why these new moons were created. And so Allah, exalted is He, revealed (…Theyare fixed seasons for mankind…)”. Said al-Kalbi: “This was revealed about Mu‘adh ibn Jabal and Tha‘labahibn ‘Anmah, both of whom were of the Ansar. These two men said: ‘O Messenger of Allah! How is it that themoon first looks fine like a thread, then it grows until it becomes full and round, but then it starts todecrease and become fine again as it initially was. It never stays in one form?’ And as a response, Allahrevealed this verse”. (It is not righteousness that ye go to houses by the backs thereof…) [2:189].Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Muzakki informed us> Abu ‘Amr ibn Matar> Abu Khalifa> Abu’l-Walid and al-Hawdi who said: Shu‘bah informed us> Abu Ishaq> al-Bara’ ibn ‘Azib who said: “Upon returning from thepilgrimage, the Helpers used to avoid entering their houses through their front doors and instead use theback doors. One of the men entered the house through his front door and, because of this, he was insulted.This verse was revealed because of this incident”. This report was narrated by Bukhari from the report ofAbu’l-Walid, and also by Muslim from the report of Bundar> Ghundar> Shu‘bah. Abu Bakr al-Tamimiinformed us> Abu’l-Shaykh> Abu Yahya al-Razi> Sahl ibn ‘Ubayd> ‘Ubayda> al-A‘mash> Abu Sufyan> Jabirwho said: “The tribe of Quraysh used to be called al-Humus. Their members used to enter through doorswhile in ritual consecration. Once, the Messenger of Allah, Allah bless him and give him peace, was in awalled field [while in a state of consecration]. When he left this field, he used the door. Qutbah ibn ‘Amir al-Ansari who was with him went out right behind him. People said: ‘O Messenger of Allah! Qutbah ibn ‘Amir al-Ansari is an impious person. He went out after you, using the door’. The Prophet then asked him: ‘Why didyou do it?’ Qutbah said: ‘I saw you doing it and I followed your example’. The Prophet said: ‘But I amAhmasi [i.e. from al-Humus]’. Qutbah replied: ‘But your religion is my religion’. And because of this Allahrevealed (It is not righteousness that ye go to houses by the backs thereof…)”. The commentators of theQur’an said: “In the pre-Islamic period and beginning of the Islamic period, a man did not enter a walledfield, room or house from its door once he was in ritual consecration. If the man happened to be a citydweller, he would dig a hole at the back of his house and use it to come in and go out; or alternately use aladder to get to his house from the top. If the man was a nomad, he would use the back of his tent. Hewould never enter from the door until the end of his ritual consecration. People considered this as part ofthe religion, and this applied to all unless one was of al-Humus who include: Quraysh, Kinanah, Khuza‘ah,Thaqif, Khath‘am, Banu ‘Amir ibn Sa‘sa‘ah and Banu’l-Nadr ibn Mu‘awiyah. These were called al-Humusbecause of their intense adherence to their religion. It so happened that one day the Messenger of Allah,Allah bless him and give him peace, entered a house which belonged to one of the Helpers. One man of theHelpers, who happened to be in ritual consecration, followed him through the door. People censored him fordoing so, and the Messenger of Allah, Allah bless him and give him peace, asked him: ‘Why did you gothrough the door while in ritual consecration?' The man said: ‘I saw you entering through the door and Ifollowed you’. The Messenger of Allah, Allah bless him and give him peace, said: ‘But I am Ahmasi [i.e. of al-Humus]!’ The man said: ‘If you are Ahmasi, then so am I: our religion is one; I have accepted yourguidance, way and religion’. As a result, Allah, exalted is He, revealed this verse”.
يَسْـَلُونَكَ عَنِ الأَهِلَّةِ قُلْ هِىَ مَوَاقِيتُ لِلنَّاسِ وَالْحَجِّ وَلَيْسَ الْبِرُّ بِأَن تَأْتُواْ الْبُيُوتَ مِن ظُهُورِهَا وَلَـكِنَّ الْبِرَّ مَنِ اتَّقَى وَأْتُواْ الْبُيُوتَ مِنْ أَبْوَبِهَا وَاتَّقُواْ اللَّهَ لَعَلَّكُمْ تُفْلِحُونَ
(189. They ask you (O Muhammad) about the crescents. Say: "These are signs to mark fixed periods of time for mankind and for the pilgrimage.'' It is not Al-Birr (piety, righteousness, etc.) that you enter the houses from the back, but Al-Birr is from Taqwa. So enter houses through their proper doors, and have Taqwa of Allah that you may be successful.)
Al-`Awfi related that Ibn `Abbas said, "The people asked Allah's Messenger about the crescent moons. Thereafter, this Ayah was revealed:
يَسْـَلُونَكَ عَنِ الأَهِلَّةِ قُلْ هِىَ مَوَاقِيتُ لِلنَّاسِ
(They ask you (O Muhammad) about the crescents. Say, "These are signs to mark fixed periods of time for mankind...) so that they mark their acts of worship, the `Iddah (the period of time a divorced woman or a widow is required to wait before remarrying) of their women and the time of their Hajj (pilgrimage to Makkah).'' `Abdur-Razzaq reported that Ibn `Umar narrated that Allah's Messenger said:
«جَعَلَ اللهُ الْأَهِلَّةَ مَوَاقِيتَ لِلنَّاسِ، فَصُومُوا لِرُؤْيَتِهِ، وَأَفْطِرُوا لِرُؤْيَتِهِ، فَإِنْ غُمَّ عَلَيْكُمْ فَعُدُّوا ثَلَاثِينَ يَوْمًا»
(Allah has made the crescents signs to mark fixed periods of time for mankind. Hence, fast on seeing it (the crescent for Ramadan) and break the fast on seeing it (the crescent for Shawwal). If it (the crescent) was obscure to you then count thirty days (mark that month as thirty days).) WThis Hadith was also collected by Al-Hakim in his Mustadrak, and he said, "The chain is Sahih, and they (Al-Bukhari and Muslim) did not recorded it."
Allah said:
وَلَيْسَ الْبِرُّ بِأَن تَأْتُواْ الْبُيُوتَ مِن ظُهُورِهَا وَلَـكِنَّ الْبِرَّ مَنِ اتَّقَى وَأْتُواْ الْبُيُوتَ مِنْ أَبْوَبِهَا
(It is not Al-Birr (piety, righteousness, etc.) that you enter the houses from the back, but Al-Birr is from Taqwa. So enter houses through their proper doors.) Al-Bukhari recorded that Al-Bara' said, "During the time of Jahiliyyah, they used to enter the house from the back upon assuming the Ihram. Thereafter, Allah revealed (the following Ayah):
وَلَيْسَ الْبِرُّ بِأَن تَأْتُواْ الْبُيُوتَ مِن ظُهُورِهَا وَلَـكِنَّ الْبِرَّ مَنِ اتَّقَى وَأْتُواْ الْبُيُوتَ مِنْ أَبْوَبِهَا
(It is not Al-Birr (piety, righteousness, etc.) that you enter the houses from the back but Al-Birr is from Taqwa. So enter houses through their proper doors.) Abu Dawud At-Tayalisi recorded the same Hadith from Al-Bara' but with the wording; "The Ansar used to enter their houses from the back when returning from a journey. Thereafter, this Ayah (2:189 above) was revealed...'' Al-Hasan said, "When some people during the time of Jahiliyyah would leave home to travel, and then decide not to travel, they would not enter the house from its door. Rather, they would climb over the back wall. Allah the Exalted said:
وَلَيْسَ الْبِرُّ بِأَن تَأْتُواْ الْبُيُوتَ مِن ظُهُورِهَا
(It is not Al-Birr (piety, righteousness) that you enter the houses from the back,).'' Allah's statement:
وَاتَّقُواْ اللَّهَ لَعَلَّكُمْ تُفْلِحُونَ
(...and have Taqwa of Allah that you may be successful.) Have Taqwa of Allah, means to do what He has commanded you and refrain from what He has forbidden for you,
لَعَلَّكُمْ تُفْلِحُونَ
(that you may be successful.) tomorrow when you stand before Him and He thus rewards you perfectly.
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